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<title>Transhuman</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transhuman</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>This article is about an evolutionary concept. For the ideology and movement, see <a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>. For the music album, see <a href="Transhuman_(album)" title="Transhuman (album)">Transhuman (album)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a> or <a href="Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a>.</span></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:165%;"><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Eradication of suffering</a></div></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a></div></li>

<li><a href="Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_enhancement" title="Moral enhancement">Moral</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroenhancement" title="Neuroenhancement">Neuro-</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">New eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Meliorism" title="Meliorism">Meliorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-scarcity" title="Post-scarcity">Post-scarcity</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="List_of_transhumanists" title="List of transhumanists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="William_H._Andrews_(biologist)" title="William H. Andrews (biologist)">Andrews</a></li>

<li><a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Church_(geneticist)" title="George Church (geneticist)">Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cordeiro" title="José Luis Cordeiro">Cordeiro</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">de Chardin</a></li>

<li><a href="K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Drexler</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Freitas" title="Robert Freitas">Freitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolai_Fyodorov_(philosopher)" title="Nikolai Fyodorov (philosopher)">Fyodorov</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Fuller_(sociologist)" title="Steve Fuller (sociologist)">Fuller</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_de_Garis" title="Hugo de Garis">de Garis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Gasson" title="Mark Gasson">Gasson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Goertzel" title="Ben Goertzel">Goertzel</a></li>

<li><a href="J._B._S._Haldane#Social_and_scientific_views" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Hanson" title="Robin Hanson">Hanson</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari</a></li>

<li><a href="Neil_Harbisson" title="Neil Harbisson">Harbisson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Harris_(bioethicist)" title="John Harris (bioethicist)">Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="James Hughes (sociologist)">Hughes</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Istvan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bryan_Johnson" title="Bryan Johnson">Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Kurzweil</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Moravec</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">Pearce</a></li>

<li><a href="Martine_Rothblatt" title="Martine Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Savulescu" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li>

<li><a href="Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Sorgner</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Stock</a></li>

<li><a href="Gennady_Stolyarov_II" title="Gennady Stolyarov II">Stolyarov</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vinge</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Alan_Walker" title="Mark Alan Walker">Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Warwick</a></li>

<li><a href="Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Wiener</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Yudkowsky</a></li></ul>

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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influential works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><i><a href="Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1486)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1883)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward </a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1888)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(~1901)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Daedalus%3B_or%2C_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1924)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1925)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Phenomenon_of_Man" title="The Phenomenon of Man">The Phenomenon of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1955)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1970)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Metaman" title="Metaman">Metaman</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1993)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">The Hedonistic Imperative</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1995)</span></li>

<li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Regeln_f%C3%BCr_den_Menschenpark" class="mw-redirect" title="Regeln für den Menschenpark">Regeln für den Menschenpark</a></i></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1997)</span></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines" title="The Age of Spiritual Machines">The Age of Spiritual Machines</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1999)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Citizen_Cyborg" title="Citizen Cyborg">Citizen Cyborg</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2004)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Singularity_Is_Near" title="The Singularity Is Near">The Singularity Is Near</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2005)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Human_Enhancement" title="Human Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2009)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Fanged_Noumena" title="Fanged Noumena">Fanged Noumena</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2011)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Transhumanist_Wager" title="The Transhumanist Wager">The Transhumanist Wager</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2013)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Sapiens%3A_A_Brief_History_of_Humankind" title="Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind">Sapiens</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2014)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Transhumanist_Bill_of_Rights" title="Transhumanist Bill of Rights">The Transhumanist Bill of Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2015)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Precipice%3A_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2020)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="What_We_Owe_the_Future" title="What We Owe the Future">What We Owe the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2022)</span></li>

<li>"<a href="Techno-Optimist_Manifesto" title="Techno-Optimist Manifesto">Techno-Optimist Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cypherpunk" title="Cypherpunk">Cypherpunk</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataism" title="Dataism">Dataism</a></li>

<li><a href="Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Immortalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortalism">Immortalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li>

<li><a href="Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li>

<li><a href="Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Cosmism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Cosmism">Russian Cosmism</a></li>

<li><a href="Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li>

<li>Technologies

<ul><li><a href="Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging</a></li>

<li><a href="Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypothetical_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical technologies">Hypothetical</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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<p><b>Transhuman</b>, or <b>trans-human</b>, is the concept of an intermediary form between <a href="Human" title="Human">human</a> and <a href="Posthuman#Transhumanism" title="Posthuman">posthuman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Transhumanist_Association_2002-2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Transhumanist_Association_2002-2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, a transhuman is a being that resembles a human in most respects but who has powers and abilities beyond those of standard humans. These abilities might include improved intelligence, awareness, strength, and/or durability. Transhumans <a href="Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">appear in science-fiction</a>, sometimes as <a href="Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborgs</a> or <a href="Genetic_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic enhancement">genetically-enhanced humans</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_hypotheses">History of hypotheses</h2></div>

<p>In his <i><a href="Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, <a href="Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> coined the word "trasumanar" meaning "to transcend human nature, to pass beyond human nature" in the first <a href="Canto" title="Canto">canto</a> of <a href="Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The use of the term "transhuman" goes back to French philosopher <a href="Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a>, who wrote in his 1949 book <i>The Future of Mankind</i>.

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Liberty: that is to say, the chance offered to every man (by removing obstacles and placing the appropriate means at his disposal) of 'trans-humanizing' himself by developing his potentialities to the fullest extent.<sup id="cite_ref-Teilhard_1949_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teilhard_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>And in a 1951 unpublished revision of the same book:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In consequence one is the less disposed to reject as unscientific the idea that the critical point of planetary Reflection, the fruit of socialization, far from being a mere spark in the darkness, represents our passage, by Translation or dematerialization, to another sphere of the Universe: not an ending of the ultra-human but its accession to some sort of trans-humanity at the ultimate heart of things.<sup id="cite_ref-Teilhard_1951_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teilhard_1951-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>In 1957 book <i>New Bottles for New Wine</i>, English evolutionary biologist <a href="Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a> wrote:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The human species can, if it wishes, transcend itself—not just sporadically, an individual here in one way, an individual there in another way, but in its entirety, as humanity. We need a name for this new belief. Perhaps transhumanism will serve: man remaining man, but transcending himself, by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature. "I believe in transhumanism": once there are enough people who can truly say that, the human species will be on the threshold of a new kind of existence, as different from ours as ours is from that of <a href="Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking man</a>. It will at last be consciously fulfilling its real destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_1957_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley_1957-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>One of the first professors of <a href="Futurology" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurology">futurology</a>, <a href="FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a>, who taught "new concepts of the Human" at <a href="The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a> of New York City in the 1960s, used "transhuman" as shorthand for "transitional human". Calling transhumans the "earliest manifestation of new evolutionary beings", FM argued that signs of transhumans included physical and mental augmentations including <a href="Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prostheses</a>, <a href="Reconstructive_surgery" title="Reconstructive surgery">reconstructive surgery</a>, intensive use of <a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, a <a href="Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> outlook and a <a href="Jet_set" title="Jet set">globetrotting</a> lifestyle, <a href="Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a>, <a href="Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">mediated reproduction</a> (such as <a href="In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a>), <a href="Eupraxsophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupraxsophy">absence of religious beliefs</a>, and a rejection of traditional <a href="Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FM-2030_1989_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM-2030_1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>FM-2030 used the concept of transhuman as an evolutionary transition, outside the confines of academia, in his contributing final chapter to the 1972 anthology <i>Woman, Year 2000</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vita-More_2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vita-More_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, American <a href="Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a> pioneer <a href="Robert_Ettinger" title="Robert Ettinger">Robert Ettinger</a> contributed to conceptualization of "transhumanity" in his book <i>Man into Superman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ettinger_1972_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ettinger_1972-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, American <a href="Natasha_Vita-More" title="Natasha Vita-More">Natasha Vita-More</a> authored a statement titled <i>Transhumanist Arts Statement</i> and outlined what she perceived as an emerging transhuman culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Vita-More_1982_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vita-More_1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Jacques_Attali" title="Jacques Attali">Jacques Attali</a>, writing in 2006, envisaged transhumans as an altruistic vanguard of the later 21st century:

</p>

<p>Vanguard players (I shall call them <i>transhumans</i>) will run (they are already running) <i>relational enterprises</i> in which profit will be no more than a hindrance, not a final goal. Each of these transhumans will be altruistic, a citizen of the planet, at once nomadic and sedentary, his neighbor's equal in rights and obligations, hospitable and respectful of the world. Together, transhumans will give birth to planetary institutions and change the course of industrial enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</blockquote>

<p>In March 2007, American physicist <a href="Gregory_Cochran" title="Gregory Cochran">Gregory Cochran</a> and <a href="Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropologist</a> <a href="John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John Hawks</a> published a study, alongside other recent research on which it builds, which amounts to a radical reappraisal of traditional views, which tended to assume that humans have reached an evolutionary endpoint. Physical anthropologist Jeffrey McKee argued the new findings of accelerated evolution bear out predictions he made in a 2000 book <i>The Riddled Chain</i>. Based on computer models, he argued that evolution should speed up as a population grows because population growth creates more opportunities for new <a href="Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>; and the expanded population occupies new environmental niches, which would drive evolution in new directions. Whatever the implications of the recent findings, McKee concludes that they highlight a ubiquitous point about evolution: "every species is a transitional species".<sup id="cite_ref-World_Science_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Science-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transhumans_in_fiction">Transhumans in fiction</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism in fiction</a></div>

<p>Examples of transhuman entities in fiction exist within many popular <a href="Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>. For example, the <a href="BioShock_(series)" title="BioShock (series)"><i>Bioshock</i> media franchise</a> depicts individuals receiving doses of a substance called ADAM, harvested from a fictional type of <a href="Sea_slug" title="Sea slug">sea slugs</a>, able to give the user fantastical powers through <a href="Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>. Thus, previously standard humans can gain the ability to summon <a href="Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, wield <a href="Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, turn <a href="Invisibility" title="Invisibility">invisible</a>, and commit other seeming miracles due to their enhancement.<sup id="cite_ref-Plasmids_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plasmids-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A 2014 article from <i><a href="Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i> speculated that mutating clumps of mobile genetic elements known as "<a href="Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposons</a>" could possibly be used as a <a href="Transposons_as_a_genetic_tool" title="Transposons as a genetic tool">semi-parasitic tool</a> to raise people to a higher status in terms of their abilities, making at least part of the game's scenario theoretically plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-Plasmids_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plasmids-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar commentary later occurred from gamers with the advent of <a href="CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR gene editing</a>.

</p><p>Transhumans also have played a major role in the <a href="Star_Trek" title="Star Trek"><i>Star Trek</i> media franchise</a>. For example, in "<a href="Space_Seed" title="Space Seed">Space Seed</a>", the twenty-second episode of the <a href="Star_Trek%3A_The_Original_Series_(season_1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Trek: The Original Series (season 1)">first season</a> of <i><a href="Star_Trek%3A_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek: The Original Series</a></i> that initially aired on February 16, 1967, a <a href="Charisma" title="Charisma">charismatic</a> and physically intimidating <a href="Genius" title="Genius">genius</a> called <a href="Khan_Noonien_Singh" title="Khan Noonien Singh">Khan Noonien Singh</a> attempts to take control of the <a href="USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)"><i>Enterprise</i></a> operated by the show's protagonists. The <a href="Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively bred</a> individual had advanced beyond simple human status and nearly succeeds. The <a href="Space_vehicle" title="Space vehicle">starship's</a> crew opt to <a href="Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> the leader and his league of similar beings to a <a href="Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable</a> but isolated alien planet instead of assigning a true punishment per se, a ruling which he accepts without protest. Played by <a href="Ricardo_Montalb%C3%A1n" title="Ricardo Montalbán">Ricardo Montalbán</a>, Khan returns in the 1982 film <i><a href="Star_Trek_II%3A_The_Wrath_of_Khan" title="Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan">Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan</a></i>, which broadly serves as a sequel to the episode. References to "Space Seed" appear in episodes of <i><a href="Star_Trek%3A_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</a></i>, <i><a href="Star_Trek%3A_Enterprise" title="Star Trek: Enterprise">Star Trek: Enterprise</a></i>, and the 2013 film <i><a href="Star_Trek_Into_Darkness" title="Star Trek Into Darkness">Star Trek Into Darkness</a></i> as well.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBostrom2002–2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom, Nick</a> (2002–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231225013/http://www.transhumanism.org/resources/FAQv21.pdf">"The Transhumanist FAQ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="World_Transhumanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Transhumanist Association">World Transhumanist Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transhumanism.org/resources/FAQv21.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Teilhard_1951-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teilhard_1951_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTeilhard1950" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Pierre_Teilhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Teilhard">Teilhard, Pierre</a> (1950-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=2287&C=2182">"The Future of Mankind"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Huxley_1957-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_1957_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1957" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley, Julian</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522082157/http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/more/huxley">"Transhumanism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/more/huxley">the original</a> on 22 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FM-2030_1989-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FM-2030_1989_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFM-20301989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/areyoutranshuman00fm20"><i>Are You a Transhuman?: Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World</i></a></span>. Viking Adult. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-446-38806-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Vita-More_2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vita-More_2000_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVita-More2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Natasha_Vita-More" title="Natasha Vita-More">Vita-More, Natasha</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124193905/http://www.transhuman.org/fm-2030story.htm">"FM-2030 One of the Spearheading Transhumanists"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transhuman.org/fm-2030story.htm">the original</a> on 24 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Vita-More_1982-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vita-More_1982_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVita-More2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Natasha_Vita-More" title="Natasha Vita-More">Vita-More, Natasha</a> (2003) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transhumanist.biz/transhumanistartsmanifesto.htm">"Tranhumanist Arts Statement"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFAttali2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jacques_Attali" title="Jacques Attali">Attali, Jacques</a> (2011) [2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RocipIu3Ji0C"><i>A Brief History of the Future: A Brave and Controversial Look at the Twenty-first Century</i></a>. Translated by Jeremy Leggatt. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781611450132</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-18</span></span>. <q>Vanguard players (I shall call them <i>transhumans</i>) will run (they are already running) <i>relational enterprises</i> in which profit will be no more than a hindrance, not a final goal. Each of these transhumans will be altruistic, a citizen of the planet, at once nomadic and sedentary, his neighbor's equal in rights and obligations, hospitable and respectful of the world. Together, transhumans will give birth to planetary institutions and change the course of industrial enterprises.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-World_Science-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_Science_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/070326_evolution.htm">"Human evolution, radically reappraised"</a>. World Science. 27 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Plasmids-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plasmids_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plasmids_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2014/02/science-is-slowly-building-towards-real-life-bioshock-like-plasmids/">"Science inches closer to real BioShock-style plasmids"</a>. 12 February 2014.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values%20_files/image001.gif">Space of Possible Modes of Being</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transhumanism.org/">World Transhumanist Association</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/v20/steinhart.htm">Teilhard de Chardin and Transhumanism</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transhumandoc.com/">Transhuman documentary</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transhumanism169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transhumanism169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism in fiction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypherpunk" title="Cypherpunk">Cypherpunk</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataism" title="Dataism">Dataism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Eradication of suffering</a></li>

<li><a href="Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Immortalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li>

<li><a href="Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Postpoliticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li>

<li><a href="Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Foresight_Institute" title="Foresight Institute">Foresight Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li>

<li><i><a href="LessWrong" title="LessWrong">LessWrong</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">US Transhumanist Party</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_H._Andrews_(biologist)" title="William H. Andrews (biologist)">Andrews</a></li>

<li><a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Church_(geneticist)" title="George Church (geneticist)">Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cordeiro" title="José Luis Cordeiro">José Luis Cordeiro</a></li>

<li><a href="K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">K. Eric Drexler</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Freitas" title="Robert Freitas">Freitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Fuller_(sociologist)" title="Steve Fuller (sociologist)">Fuller</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolai_Fyodorov_(philosopher)" title="Nikolai Fyodorov (philosopher)">Fyodorov</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_de_Garis" title="Hugo de Garis">de Garis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Gasson" title="Mark Gasson">Gasson</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Gobel" title="David Gobel">David Gobel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Goertzel" title="Ben Goertzel">Ben Goertzel</a></li>

<li><a href="J._B._S._Haldane#Social_and_scientific_views" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Hanson" title="Robin Hanson">Hanson</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari</a></li>

<li><a href="Neil_Harbisson" title="Neil Harbisson">Harbisson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Harris_(bioethicist)" title="John Harris (bioethicist)">Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="James Hughes (sociologist)">Hughes</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ole_Martin_Moen" title="Ole Martin Moen">Ole Martin Moen</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li>

<li><a href="Martine_Rothblatt" title="Martine Rothblatt">Martine Rothblatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Anders Sandberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Savulescu" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li>

<li><a href="Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Sorgner</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Stock</a></li>

<li><a href="Gennady_Stolyarov_II" title="Gennady Stolyarov II">Gennady Stolyarov II</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a></li>

<li><a href="Natasha_Vita-More" title="Natasha Vita-More">Natasha Vita-More</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Alan_Walker" title="Mark Alan Walker">Mark Alan Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Warwick</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_evolution511" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Human_evolution511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br>(<a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Humans and<br>proto-humans<br>(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li>

<li><a href="Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li>

<li><a href="Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Diet

<ul><li><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li>

<li><a href="Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Drugs

<ul><li><a href="Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Behavior

<ul><li><a href="Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Life history

<ul><li><a href="Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li>

<li>Human timeline</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Theorists</li>

<li>Books</li>

<li><a href="List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Human evolution">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AEvolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Transhuman&oldid=1287265638">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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